Economic Significance and Sustainability of Indigenous Cattle Breeds in Tamil Nadu

Abstract

Indigenous cattle breeds constitute an important component of the agrarian, cultural, and economic heritage of Tamil Nadu. The state was historically associated with several indigenous cattle breeds, including Kangayam, Umbalachery, Bargur, Alambadi, Pulikulam, and Malaimadu. However, the number and population of several indigenous breeds have declined considerably over time, raising concerns not only about livestock biodiversity but also about the erosion of traditional knowledge, agricultural practices, and rural livelihoods associated with cattle rearing. The introduction and expansion of exotic and crossbred varieties, particularly Jersey and Holstein Friesian cattle during the period of dairy modernization, significantly altered traditional cattle-based agricultural systems. This study examines the economic significance of indigenous cattle in Tamil Nadu, with particular attention to livestock-based livelihoods, milk production, agricultural practices, traditional cattle-rearing systems, and the relationship between indigenous cattle and rural economic sustainability. Drawing upon field-based observations and interactions with cattle rearers and farming communities, the study examines the economic perceptions surrounding indigenous and crossbred cattle. It also considers the wider cultural significance of cattle as reflected in proverbs, rituals, oral traditions, and community practices. The field observations indicate that the economic value of indigenous cattle cannot be assessed solely through milk yield. Their contribution to agricultural sustainability, traditional livestock practices, manure-based farming systems, and household livelihoods must also be taken into account. The study identifies a significant gap between the commonly perceived economic limitations of indigenous cattle and the broader economic benefits observed in traditional farming contexts. It therefore argues that indigenous cattle should be understood not merely as livestock but as an integral component of agrarian life, cultural heritage, ecological knowledge, and rural economy. The study highlights the need for appropriate economic evaluation, conservation strategies, market support, and policy interventions to strengthen indigenous cattle-based livelihoods in Tamil Nadu. Ultimately, conserving indigenous cattle is presented as an important means of preserving traditional knowledge, sustainable agricultural practices, and the socio-economic resilience of rural communities.