Abstract
Informed through Shulman’s Pedagogical Teaching Knowledge (PCK), this study further explores how teachers acquire and utilize PCK, while enriching research on PCK and Problem-Based Learning. In these environments, collaboration and guidance, as well as teachers being responsive, are central. Lay of knowledge in the literature is particularly prevalent in qualitative work. Not a lot of studies “have really looked at how teachers ‘practice’ the teacher professional knowledge that they hold, through interaction as they go through a classroom episode and then through reflection on those practices.” By putting reception teachers in behaviour in classrooms, in PBL scenarios, through the lens of PCK, this study conducts a MAXQDA analysis of the transcription of records of classroom transcripts and observational data. By positioning teachers’ guidance strategies, emotional scaffolding, and situational regulation within the PCK ‘sphere’, this study aims to clarify what constitutes teachable knowledge of a subject to teachers as a collaborative opportunity. This also theoretically redefines the “space” of subject teaching knowledge, making it applicable to PBL teaching. Methodologically, we show qualitative coding and triangulation, and how they are used to build the argument on teacher knowledge.
Keywords
Problem-Based Learning, Pedagogical Teaching Knowledge, Qualitative Analysis, MaxQDA,Metrics
References
- Abraham, A. J., Krishnappa, P., Federico, F. (2025). Perception of healthcare professionals on patient safety culture and associated factors: a qualitative study using MAXQDA software. Frontiers of Nursing, 12(1), 123–131. https://doi.org/10.2478/fon-2025-0014
- Ahmad, T.A.S. (2025). Challenges Faced By Sign Language Interpreters In Classroom: A Case Study Of Psl Learners By Using Maxqda. Al-Aasar Journal, 2(3), 36-47. https://doi.org/10.63878/aaj557
- Barrows, H.S. (1986). A taxonomy of problem-based learning methods. Medical Education, 20(6), 481–486. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2923.1986.tb01386.x
- Biesta, G., Priestley, M., & Robinson, S. (2015). The role of beliefs in teacher agency. Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, 21(6), 624–640. https://doi.org/10.1080/13540602.2015.1044325
- Cernasev, A., Axon, D.R. (2023). Thematic Analysis in Qualitative Research: An overview. JACCP: journal of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy, 6(7), 751–755. https://doi.org/10.1002/jac5.1817
- Chang, Y.Y. (2021). Teaching experiences of administrative law through PBL: How to guide students to ask questions and apply knowledge. Ministry of Education Teaching Practice Research Project Final Report. Department of Public Administration, Chung Hua University. Retrieved from Ministry of Education Teaching Practice Research Reports. (In Chinese)
- Cochran, K.F., DeRuiter, J.A., King, R.A. (1993). Pedagogical content knowing: An integrative model for teacher preparation. Journal of Teacher Education, 44(4), 263–272. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487193044004004
- Corbin, J., Strauss, A. (2015). Basics of qualitative research: Techniques and procedures for developing grounded theory. SAGE Publications.
- Dreier-Wolfgramm, A., Homeyer, S., Oppermann, R. F., & Hoffmann, W. (2018). A model of interprofessional problem-based learning for medical and nursing students: Implementation, evaluation and implications for future implementation. GMS journal for medical education, 35(1), Doc13. https://doi.org/10.3205/zma001160
- Estaji, M., Fatalaki, J.A. (2022). Teacher Educators’ Perceptions of Critical Incidents in Teaching Practice: The Case of Novice EFL Teachers. East European Journal of Psycholinguistics, 9(1), 30-47. https://doi.org/10.29038/eejpl.2022.9.1.est
- Flick, U. (2018). Doing triangulation and mixed methods. SAGE Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781529716634
- Glaser, B.G., Strauss, A.L. (1967). The discovery of grounded theory: Strategies for qualitative research. Nursing Research, 17(4), 364. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-196807000-00014
- Grossman, P.L. (1990). The making of a teacher: Teacher knowledge and teacher education. Teachers College Press.
- Guetterman, T.C., James, T.G. (2023). A software feature for mixed methods analysis: The MAXQDA Interactive Quote Matrix. Methods in Psychology, 8, 100116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metip.2023.100116
- Hmelo-Silver, C.E. (2004). Problem-based learning: What and how do students learn? Educational Psychology Review, 16(3), 235–266. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EDPR.0000034022.16470.f3
- Humble, Á.M. (2025). Qualitative Data Analysis Software and Family Science: 2011–2020 Usage Trends. Journal of Marriage and the Family. https://doi.org/10.1111/jomf.70020
- Hung, D. (2011). Situated cognition and problem-based learning: Implications for learning and instruction with technology. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 13(4), 393-414. https://www.learntechlib.org/primary/p/9176/
- Koka, K.M., Yadlapalli, S., Pillarisetti, P., Yasangi, M.K., Yaragani, A., Kummamuru, S. (2021). The barriers for tobacco cessation counseling in teaching health care institutions: A qualitative data analysis using MAXQDA software. Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care, 10(9), 3262–3267. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_19_21
- Kuckartz, U., Rädiker, S. (2022). Using Maxqda for Integration in Mixed Methods Research. The Routledge Handbook for Advancing Integration in Mixed Methods Research. 540-562. Routledge.
- Lee, V.V., Van Der Lubbe, S.C.C., Goh, L.H., Valderas, J.M. (2024). Harnessing ChatGPT for thematic Analysis: Are we ready? Journal of Medical Internet Research, 26, e54974. https://doi.org/10.2196/54974
- Li, H., Tsai, T. (2018). Investigating Teacher Pedagogical Changes When Implementing Problem-Based Learning in a Year 5 Mathematics Classroom in Taiwan. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 27(5), 355–364. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-018-0393-2
- Lin, C.F. (2017). Theory and practice of administrative law. Angle Publishing. (In Chinese)
- Marín, V.I. (2020). Research-based learning in education studies: Design inquiry using group e-Portfolios based on blogs. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 36(1), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.4523
- Marjaei, Seyedhadi, Ahmadianyazdi, Fahimeh, Chandrashekara, M. (2019). MAXQDA and its Application to LIS Research. Library Philosophy and Practice (e-journal), 2325. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/libphilprac/2325
- McIntyre-Hite, L. (2016). A Delphi study of effective practices for developing Competency-Based Learning Models in Higher Education. The Journal of Competency‐Based Education, 1(4), 157-166. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED571752
- Milaré, C.A.R., Lacerda, S., Barrichello, C., Tobo, P., Okuno, M.F.P., De Moraes Horta, A.L.(2025)Effects of a mindfulness training on self-regulation and social-emotional skills in basic education: perceptions of teachers, family members, and students. Estudos de Psicologia, 42, 1-19. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-0275202542e220113
- Özden, S.A., Teki̇Ndal, M. (2019). Social Work Students’ Opinions about Social Work Education: A Focus Group Study. Kastamonu Eğitim Dergisi, 27(6), 2413–2424. https://doi.org/10.24106/kefdergi.3182
- Pius, J., Murugan, S. (2025). Critical Analysis of Customs Digitalization-Customs Broker Perspective. Journal of Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, 12(2), 65–79. https://doi.org/10.15330/jpnu.12.2.65-79
- Ruan, L. (2019). Studying Teacher Professional Development with MAXQDA – Praxis Examples. https://www.maxqda.com/blogpost/teachers-professional-development.
- Sandhiya, V., Bhuvaneswari, j. (2024). Qualitative Research Analysis: A Thematic Approach. In A. Rahal & M. Adorján (Eds.), Design and Validation of Research Tools and Methodologies. IGI Global Scientific Publishing, 289-310. https://doi.org/10.4018/979-8-3693-1135-6.ch014
- Schettino, C. (2016). a Framework for Problem-Based Learning: Teaching Mathematics with a Relational Problem-Based Pedagogy. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, competency-based learning models in higher education, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1602
- Schön, D.A. (2017). The reflective practitioner: How Professionals Think in Action. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315237473
- Shulman, L. (1987). Knowledge and teaching: Foundations of the new reform. Harvard Educational Review, 57(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.57.1.j463w79r56455411
- Shulman, L.S. (1986). Those who understand: Knowledge growth in teaching. Educational Researcher, 15(2), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189x015002004
- Soebagyo, J., Amalia, G.R. (2022). Investigations into Whiteboard Fox's Use in Mathematics Learning Accommodates 21st Century Skills. Jurnal Pendidikan MIPA, 23(4), 1644-1664. https://doi.org/10.23960/jpmipa/v23i4.pp1644-1664
- Star, J., Ringaert, L., Larcombe, L. (2025). Qualitative methods Case study: Using MAXQDA in Indigenous HIV journey mapping research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 24. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069251356667
- Torkaman, M., Jalilisadrabad, S. (2024). Elucidating the Factors Influencing the Use of Renewable Energy and the Enhance Sustainable Development in Metropolitan Areas Using Content Analysis Method and MAXQDA Software. Urban Economics and Planning, 5(3), 214-231. https://doi.org/10.22034/uep.2024.476310.1535
- Ullrich, C., Ziegler, S., Armbruster, A., Wensing, M., Klafke, N. (2024) Participant observation for inquiry-based learning: a document analysis of exam papers from an internship-course for master’s students in health services research in Germany. BMC Medical Education, 24(1), 1033. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-05740-4
- Vygotsky, L.S., Cole, M., Jolm-Steiner, V., Scribner, S., Souberman, E. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctvjf9vz4
- Waity, J., Sellon, A., Williams, B. (2023). Using design thinking to solve real-world problems: A pedagogical approach to encourage student growth. Journal of Effective Teaching in Higher Education, 6(2), 17-34.https://doi.org/10.36021/jethe.v6i2.350
- Wang, C.C. (2021). The process of implementing problem-based learning in a teacher education programme: an exploratory case study. Cogent Education, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2021.1996870
- Weixelbraun, P.F., Göbl, B., Steinböck, M., Duvivié, M., Kayali, F. (2024). Discussing the protagonist Role of Students in Game-Based Learning. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 8(CHI PLAY), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1145/3677065
- Williams, Michael, Moser, Tami. (2019). the Art of Coding and Thematic Exploration in Qualitative Research. International Management Review, 15(1), 45-72.
- Woolf, N.H., Silver, C. (2017). Qualitative Analysis Using MAXQDA: The Five-Level QDA™ Method. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315268569
Articles

