Abstract

Metal halide perovskite solar cells have experienced unprecedented growth over the last fifteen years. The certified single-junction efficiency has now reached 26.95%, while perovskite-silicon tandems have already exceeded the practical Shockley-Queisser limit by achieving efficiencies above 34.6%, as confirmed by certified measurements. Nevertheless, bankable perovskite modules are still lacking. The central challenge is no longer simply material degradation, but the absence of a validated approach that links laboratory performance metrics, such as power conversion efficiency in small-area cells or ISOS L-1 T80 lifetime, to certified performance metrics, such as power conversion efficiency in large-area cells, which must be statistically reproducible and IEC-qualified before they can be accepted by financiers and independent engineers in decision-making processes. This work addresses that gap by introducing a qualification-oriented analytical framework. A systematic literature search was conducted on peer-reviewed papers published between 2018 and 2025 using databases such as Web of Science, Scopus, and ScienceDirect, with keywords related to perovskite solar cell efficiencies, ISOS L-1 stability, IEC qualification, encapsulation, scalable deposition techniques, and techno-economic studies. Only papers in which test conditions, active area, and encapsulation state were clearly defined were included in the review. Device-level and module-level data were treated as distinct types of evidence. Separate tables are provided for certified performance, operational stability, qualification-relevant module tests, and techno-economic studies to avoid misleading comparisons between different evidence types. A four-domain translation framework is introduced to connect efficiency, degradation physics, engineering readiness, and financial bankability within an analytical structure that includes explicit cross-domain dependencies. To standardise comparison across research groups and pilot-scale demonstrations, a composite Perovskite Module Readiness Index is proposed. The analysis also defines the critical validation milestones that must be achieved before commercially viable implementation and outlines the baseline technical evidence needed to support bankability assessments.

Keywords

Perovskite Solar Cells, Module Stability, Scalable Deposition, Encapsulation, ISOS Protocols, IEC Qualification, Bankability, Tandem Photovoltaics, Ion Migration, T80/T90 Lifetime,

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