Abstract

Two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials have emerged as a transformative class of materials, particularly for advancing advanced sensing technologies. The isolation of graphene in 2004, the complex of atomic-level thin materials has expanded rapidly to include MXenes, transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), black phosphorus, and crystalline porous frameworks such as metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs). These materials show exceptional physicochemical properties, including atomic-scale thickness, very high surface-to-volume ratios, tunable electronic band structures, and extraordinary charge carrier mobility. Such features enable strong interfacial interactions between sensing surfaces and target analytes, helping highly sensitive detection platforms capable of finding ultra-low concentrations of chemical and biological species. The structural characteristics of 2D materials ensure that a huge proportion of atoms are exposed at the surface, promoting efficient adsorption of analyte molecules and inducing pronounced changes in electronic, electrochemical, or optical properties. Therefore, sensing mechanisms based on electrical signal modulation, electrochemical redox reactions, and optical responses can detect minute variations in analyte concentration. Recent advances in synthesis techniques, including liquid-phase exfoliation, electrochemical exfoliation, and chemical vapor deposition, have enabled the fabrication of high-quality 2D nanostructures with controlled thickness and morphology. Also, advanced materials engineering strategies such as heterostructure formation, defect engineering, and surface functionalization have greatly improved sensor sensitivity, selectivity, and stability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of emerging 2D nanomaterials for next-generation sensing technologies. Fundamental sensing mechanisms and recent applications in biomedical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and chemical detection are systematically discussed. Meanwhile, key challenges related to material stability, large-scale manufacturing, and real-world deployment are detailed, along with future research directions, followed by intelligent sensing systems integrated with artificial intelligence and Internet-of-Things (IoT) technologies.

Keywords

Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials, Graphene, Transition Metal Dichalcogenides, Mxenes, Biosensors, Environmental Sensors, Nanotechnology, Artificial Intelligence, IoT Sensing, Sensor Mechanisms, AI-Enabled Sensing,

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