Abstract

The healthcare environment is in the process of shifting paradigm to continuous to personalized health management, as opposed to episodic care that centres on a hospital. This revolution is fuelled by the emergence of the nano-biosensors that combine the state of art nanotechnology and bioelectronics to deliver real-time information of never seen before human health information. This review article gives a complete overview of principles, materials, fabrications and applications of wearable nano sensors. It discusses the underlying strengths of nanomaterials, i.e., being ultra-sensitive, miniaturized, and biocompatible, to enable the detection of a broad spectrum of physiological and biochemical biomarkers. The report explores the latest technology of manufacturing i.e. the electrospinning and inkjet printing and goes into the burning issue of energy consumption and offers smart solutions to counter the challenge of power consumption. It also looks at usage of these devices in the treatment of chronic illnesses, and the latest application in sophisticated systems such as brain machine interface (BMI) and prosthetics. Lastly, the technical, biological, ethical issues such as the foreign body reaction, nanotoxicity, data privacy, and the issue of equity are analysed in a critical way. The discussion ends with a review that developed mass adoption of this technology will rely mainly on progression that involves strong material science, low-power written communication, high-level data analysis, and an active ethical system.

Keywords

Biosensor, Nano, Metabolic, Healthcare,

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

  1. M. Bishnoi, Deepika, N. Mody, A. Jain, (2022). Biomedical applications of nano-biosensor. In Nanotechnology for biomedical Applications, Singapore: Springer Singapore, 219-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-7483-9_10
  2. N. Muhammad, L.T. Hoo, A.N. Ahmad, A. Mohamad, S. Abdullah Lim, (2021). Accuracy of biosensors as rapid diagnostic and biochemical monitoring tools for non-communicable diseases management. In Advanced Micro-and Nano-manufacturing Technologies: Applications in Biochemical and Biomedical Engineering, Singapore, 57-75. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3645-5_3
  3. K.S.S. Sahi, S. Kaushik, (2022). Smart nanosensors for healthcare monitoring and disease detection using AIoT framework. In Nanosensors for Futuristic Smart and Intelligent Healthcare Systems, CRC Press, 387-400. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003093534-19
  4. S. Chandna, K. Gogde, R. Kaur, V. Sagar, J. Bhaumik, (2022). Nano-biosensors for plant biomass: Concept and applications. In The role of nanoparticles in plant nutrition under soil pollution: Nanoscience in nutrient use efficiency Cham: Springer International Publishing, 199-221. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-97389-6_9
  5. S. Kaushik, V. Soni, E. Skotti, (2022). Nanosensors for futuristic smart and intelligent healthcare systems. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003093534
  6. N. Shah, A. Badiye, N. Kapoor, R.K. Shukla, (2022). Nano-biosensors for biochemical analysis. In Nanobioanalytical Approaches to Medical Diagnostics, Woodhead Publishing, 319-343. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-323-85147-3.00005-0
  7. K. Girigoswami, A. Girigoswami, A review on the role of nanosensors in detecting cellular miRNA expression in colorectal cancer. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders, 21(1) (2021) 12-26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1871530320666200515115723
  8. D. Sharma, G. Teli, K. Gupta, G. Bansal, G.D. Gupta, P.A. Chawla, Nano-biosensors from agriculture to Nextgen diagnostic tools. Current Nanomaterials, 7(2) (2022) 110-138. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39978-8_7
  9. U. Jain, S. Shakya, K. Saxena, (2021). Nano-biosensing devices detecting biomarkers of communicable and non-communicable diseases of animals. In Biosensors in agriculture: recent trends and future perspectives Cham: Springer International Publishing, 415-434. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66165-6_19
  10. J. Singhal, S. Verma, S. Kumar, D. Mehrotra, (2021). Recent advances in nano-bio-sensing fabrication technology for the detection of oral cancer. Molecular biotechnology, 63(5), 339-362. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12033-021-00306-x
  11. S. Younis, R. Zia, N. Tahir, S.Z. Bukhari, W.S. Khan, S.Z. Bajwa, (2022). Nanosensors for animal health monitoring. In Nanosensors for smart agriculture, Elsevier. 509-529. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-824554-5.00026-4
  12. B.N. Chopda, Y. Kaushik, M. Manchanda, S. Jain, P. Randhawa, G.B. Mohammad, (2022). Nano sensors for detection of diabetes-a review. In 2022 First International Conference on Artificial Intelligence Trends and Pattern Recognition (ICAITPR) IEEE, Hyderabad, India, 1-6. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAITPR51569.2022.9844204
  13. S.A. El‐Safty, M.A. Shenashen, (2020). Advanced nanoscale build‐up sensors for daily life monitoring of diabetics. Advanced Materials Interfaces, 7(15), 2000153. https://doi.org/10.1002/admi.202000153
  14. B. Bharali, H. Chetia, J.J. Kalita, P.V. Mosahari, A.K. Chhillar, U. Bora, (2019). Engineered nanomaterials in plants: sensors, carriers, and bio imaging. In Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Elsevier, 87, 133-157. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.coac.2019.09.009
  15. K.D. Lin, B.S. Lin, G.A. Lin, B.S. Lin, (2021). Design of smart peripheral blood perfusion monitoring system for diabetics. IEEE Sensors Journal, 21(8), 10167-10173. https://doi.org/10.1109/JSEN.2021.3058717
  16. M.S. Teja, T.R. Konatham, V. Muralidharan, A. Murugesan, N. Vasantha, M. Hyandavi, A Review on Biosensors for COVID-19. International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research, 7(01) (2022) 9-14.
  17. Q. Wang, X. Sun, C. Liu, C. Wang, W. Zhao, Z. Zhu, S. Ma, S. Zhang, (2023). Current development of stretchable self-powered technology based on nanomaterials toward wearable biosensors in biomedical applications. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 11, 1164805. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2023.1164805
  18. J. Li, S. Zhang, L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, H. Zhang, C. Zhang, X. Xuan, M. Wang, J. Zhang, Y. Yuan, A novel graphene-based nanomaterial modified electrochemical sensor for the detection of cardiac troponin I. Frontiers in Chemistry, 9 (2021) 680593. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2021.680593
  19. Tamoghna Saha, Rafael Del Caño, Kuldeep Mahato, Ernesto De la Paz, Chuanrui Chen, Shichao Ding, Lu Yin, Joseph Wang, Wearable Electrochemical Glucose Sensors in Diabetes Management: A Comprehensive Review. Chemical Reviews, 123 (2023) 7854–7889. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00078
  20. Sumit Malik et al. Nanomaterials-based biosensor and their applications: A review, Heliyon, 9 (2023) e19929. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e19929
  21. S. Anuthum, J. Jakmunee, K. Ounnunkad, (2023). Dual-mode electrochemical biosensor based on gold nanoparticles/two-dimensional MoWS2/graphene oxide composite for detection of glycated albumin and glucose toward advancing diabetes diagnosis. ACS Applied Bio Materials, 8(6), 5215-5228. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsabm.5c00534
  22. G. Johnson. (2023). Wearable biosensors for continuous health monitoring. European Journal for Biomedical Informatics, 23(16), 7013.
  23. M. Thanaraj, R. Rathanasamy, S.K. Jaganathan, Advancements in ultra-sensitive nanoelectronic biosensors for medical applications. Current Nanoscience, 17(5) (2021) 679-693. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413717666210121141858
  24. A. Younas, Z. Yousaf, M. Rashid, N. Riaz, S. Fiaz, A. Aftab, S. Haung, (2020). Nanotechnology and plant disease diagnosis and management. In Nanoagronomy , Springer International Publishing, 101-123. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41275-3_7
  25. J. Marrugo-Ramírez, L. Karadurmus, M.A. Aroca, E.P. Nguyen, C.D.C.C. e Silva, G. Rosati, J.F. Osma, S.A. Ozkan, A. Merkoçi, (2022). Nanomaterials-based wearable biosensors for healthcare. In Biosensors, CRC Press, 345-379.
  26. R. Arshad, I. Fatima, S. Sargazi, A. Rahdar, M. Karamzadeh-Jahromi, S. Pandey, A.M. SDiez-Pascual, M. Bilal, Novel perspectives towards RNA-based nano-theranostic approaches for cancer management. Nanomaterials, 11(12) (2021) 3330. https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11123330
  27. B. Foroutan, A.R.A. Najafabadi, Capabilities of bioinformatics tools for optimizing physicochemical features of proteins used in Nano biosensors: A short overview of the tools related to bioinformatics. Biochemistry and biophysics reports, 27 (2021) 101094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2021.101094
  28. A. Tomer, R. Singh, S.A. Dwivedi, (2021). Nanotechnology for detection and diagnosis of plant diseases. In Biobased Nanotechnology for Green Applications, Springer International Publishing, 221-237. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-61985-5_8
  29. N. Hari, S. Radhakrishnan, A.J. Nair, (2020). Nanosensors as potential multisensor systems to ensure safe and quality food. In Biotechnological approaches in food adulterants, CRC press, 204-238.
  30. S. Kaul, R. Singh, S. Kamaraju, P. Suman, (2020). Changing Trends in Immunosensing Technologies and Their Commercial Aspects in Animal Health and Welfare. In Immunodiagnostic Technologies from Laboratory to Point-Of-Care Testing, Springer, Singapore, 141-161. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-5823-8_8
  31. R. Munusami, M. Ramasamy, (2022). Multiplexed biosensors for efficient diagnosis of the clinical conditions toward Health management. In Miniaturized biosensing devices: fabrication and applications, Springer, Nature Singapore, 205-225. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9897-2_9
  32. S. Kaushik, (2022). Nanosensor technology for smart intelligent agriculture. In Agricultural Biotechnology, CRC Press, 267-299.
  33. B. Kuswandi, (2020). Real-time quality assessment of fruits and vegetables: sensing approaches. In Sensor-Based Quality Assessment Systems for Fruits and Vegetables, Apple Academic Press, 1-30. https://doi.org/10.1201/9781003084174
  34. P.M. Gotovtsev, Y.M. Parunova, C.G. Antipova, G.U. Badranova, T.E. Grigoriev, D.S. Boljshin, M.V. Vishnevskaya, E.A. Konov, K.I. Lukanina, S.N. Chvalun, A.N. Reshetilov, (2021). Self-powered implantable biosensors: A review of recent advancements and future perspectives. Macro, Micro, and Nano-Biosensors: Potential Applications and Possible Limitations, 399-410. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-55490-3_20
  35. V. Rohatgi, N.V. Challagulla, R.N. Pudake, (2021). Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) sensors for stress management in crops. In Biosensors in Agriculture: Recent Trends and Future Perspectives, Springer International Publishing, 81-95. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-66165-6_5