MULTIDISCIPLINARY TECHNOVATION Asynchronous learning techniques during the COVID 19 Pandemic

: This study aims to determine the technology-based pedagogies and their learning capabilities that can be used in managing the academic disciplines operational process during the COVID 19 pandemic. It chooses two popular learning management systems, i


Introduction
Most of the higher education institutions at present aim to provide high-quality education and this aspect is shown by the future vision of the institution, as it prepares students for academic achievement through the acquisition of knowledge and skill, which directly contributes to the growth of countries and the economy [1].The methods and methods used by academics to communicate knowledge or skill, share it with students, implement them correctly, and customize them according to students' needs, act as a prominent catalyst for students to achieve high academic achievement [2].
It is believed that teachers should demonstrate intent to adapt and customize approaches aimed at improving student learning.The teacher can improve techniques and methods to make the teaching and learning mode more suitable for students.The teacher can also be selective in the use of techniques if he has a worthy knowledge of the available and accessible methods [3].In every educational discipline, the methods are associated with remarkable teaching and learning outcomes.Here, in this study, some methods from four major disciplines were briefly discussed to show which methods are appropriate and appropriate and their availability in the blackboard e-learning system.The grouping of majors in this regard was flexible according to the nature and knowledge of their academic content [4].
The increase in the number of specializations in the current academic milieu, this constantly changing situation has led to additional challenges for teachers and this requires them to customize and adjust the objectives, context, contents of lessons, and communication patterns between teacher-student, student-teacher, student-student [5].Teachers' unfamiliarity with teaching methods sometimes complicates the issue of teaching and learning.Some names of additional teaching methods are included in this paper, although they are not widely practiced by academics.At times, these lesser-known methods may be beneficial for innovative teaching techniques [6].
Each major has its requirements and conditions according to the goals that must be achieved.The curriculum makes it possible to implement and achieve these goals through the content of the course, methods of teaching, and the teaching process, and the curriculum itself is determined according to its educational objectives concerning the participants and circumstances.In teaching, the approach used is essential for conceptualizing teacher work and student learning.Teaching methods are one of the basic aspects of teaching and learning, which must be specified in any curriculum, which in the first place constitutes a commitment to both teachers and students in implementing what is required of them in the process of delivering the curriculum [7].The quality of the teaching process sends an implicit message about teaching techniques, student progress in learning, and knowledge acquisition.According to the contemporary development in the teaching and learning environment, the multiplicity of teaching methods and the need for a more balanced use of them is an integral part of the development of each discipline.An understanding of teaching methods greatly influences the quality of teaching, and an understanding and analysis of teaching methods can lead to a deeper understanding of the quality of student learning and teacher work [8].
The study's aims to focus on three objectives: first a characteristics' comparison of learning management systems (LMSs) through the available features.Second, to focus the role of LMSs in e-learning, and third is to propose a model consisting of six independent variables (application, integration, communication, evaluation, and content, Cost, and security) and one dependent variable which are reasons for the success of e-learning.The study's result shows that there is a statistically significant impact of LMS major characteristics on e-learning success [9].
The study provides twelve guiding advices that include a set of basic principles and practical recommendations that can apply to online learning, focusing on design features that can be quickly implemented to face the current epidemic .It also referred to processes for short-term transformations beneficial for long-term integration of educational technology into the infrastructure of institutions [10].

Literature Review
The presented study aims to solve the problems of LMSs that are mostly related to pedagogical or technology.It introduces a LMS through the conceptual model, based on the combination of four theories of learning (traditional pedagogy, the behaviorism, the cognitivist, and the social constructivism).They will also depend on cooperative education for both the teacher and the learner, with the possibility of creating, managing and proposing different and varied activities.Their interaction with these activities, where and when, according to their needs and learning goals.The study planned to produce a LMS that gives the same working potential to both teachers and learners by distributing their control over the platform [11].
The study also covers the commercial LMSs available and used in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia through a comparative analysis.The study found that 90% of universities in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia use the Blackboard LMS and 7% of Saudi universities use the Moodle LMS, and 4% use D2L.All the LMS have the same characteristics of communication and content management for the courses, currently there is no learning management system that provides the features of conducting laboratory experiments [12].
Notably, it discusses assessing the usability of e-learning acceptance models Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the idea was initially from a review of more recent studies.The results of the review showed usability trends in a specific context.Among the various formulations related to usability that were reached User satisfaction, user interface design, and interaction.The significant effect of the reviewed usability factors was confirmed statistically in most of the studies covered [13].

Purpose of the Study
The aim of the study to make it easier for teachers to use the most practiced potential teaching methods in four educational disciplines, such as Arts and Humanities (AH), Medical Education (ME), Science and Engineering (SE), and Social Sciences (SS).It provides an analysis of the suitability and availability of each teaching style for the respective discipline in Blackboard e-LMS, as well as a hand-cited analysis of the scientific literature on the teaching methods available on the four major disciplines in higher education.Potential research questions emerge as follows: Q1: What are the potential teaching methods practiced in higher education?Q2: What teaching methods are exclusively practiced in the four major disciplines (arts and humanities, medical education, science and engineering, social sciences)?Q3: How available are the teaching methods involved in the four major disciplines on the Blackboard Learning Management System?

Methodology
The study relied on the descriptive and analytical approach through which distance education technologies will be described in the educational process in light of the Corona pandemic, as well as analyzing the trends of these technologies, especially those related to the blackboard system and its effectiveness in managing the educational process under the conditions of the Corona pandemic [14][15].

Blackboard Learning Management System
It is a learning management system that uses a set of tools to create and manage course content, and provide learning resources to students (books, video, audio), and it is one of the systems with a complex structure that serves different aspects of the teaching processes that use different techniques, it is considered a commercial system [16].
The Blackboard Learning Management System (BLMS) is an effective LMS and allows educational institutions to provide electronic courses on the Internet as a supplement to traditional education courses and allows universities to add electronic educational resources for students, such as PowerPoint files, video, audio, movement, and other applications that can be added from the resource.To support curricula, improve teaching and increase learning efficiency.
Remarkably, BLMS allows learners at different levels of e-learning in which they study their courses, a list of the courses available for them to study, information about each course, a list of lectures, and asynchronous communication through the exchange of mail messages and participate in discussion forums between students each other.Or between students and the teacher, providing electronic information sources to support what students are studying, making available a bank of questions related to the course for training, evaluation using performance records, and open and limited discussions [17].
The use of the BLMS requires the learner to master the skills of using the Internet, the skills of using the Internet browser, writing skills, and file management skills and does not need mastery of programming languages or HTML language [16].And course management systems are an integrated system responsible for managing the electronic educational process through the global network of information "the Internet" that includes admission and registration, course registration, course management, assignments, student learning follow-up, supervision of synchronous and non-synchronous communication tools, examination administration, and final certification [18].

Moodle Learning Management System
It is an open-source learning management system with a multilingual interface, to create an individual, customized, safe and integrated learning environment according to the needs of the educational institution for both the students, teachers and administrators, and it also provides flexible tools to support both blended learning and online learning .

E-learning classifications
Universities generally offer three levels of Elearning, explained in the table 1 [22]: Table 1 Explains the similarities and differences between the complete, integrated and supportive elearning levels

Complete E-learning Blended E-learning Supportive E-learning
Course Elements: The course must contain the following elements in a learning management systems: •The curriculum of the entire course, including description, objectives, assessment and activities.

Dates of adding activities on the site
The teacher is obligated to add two electronic activities in the course per week with determining the timing of the end of each activity separately, which calls for the student to enter to respond to the participation The teacher is obligated to add electronic activities to the course at least once a week, which requires the student to enter to respond and participate.
The teacher is free to add activities, in agreement with students, and report activities on the course bulletin board.

Results and Discussion
Teaching Methods in Higher Education these paper shows are available Teaching Methods being practiced in the disciplines in higher education.Also, it identifies that there is no such study that fully acknowledges similar kinds of work in listing TMs that teachers should adopt.Table 2 and figure 1 organizes the potential TMs in higher education.[23][24] Teaching methods across disciplines.28 methods were drawn that can be used in different scientific disciplines.These are methods that are not used exclusively in a particular discipline.It can be adapted to a variety of conditions.E-learning, lectures, and problem-based learning are found in all four disciplines.In addition, 10 of the methods were applied in three disciplines in different groups.Table 3 lists the teaching methods that were used across the different practical disciplines [25][26].

Blackboard Moodle
Closed source system -commercial (a sum of money is paid plus the cost of use according to the number of courses offered and the number of learners enrolled in it) It is an open source, not-for-profit system Ease of use for teachers and learners Ease of use for teachers and learners There is more than one way to communicate with the registered learners There is more than one way to communicate with the registered learners Available in more than one language Available in 75 programming languages Display educational content in more than one way Display electronic courses in more than one format The degree of safety and technical support is high The degree of safety and technical support is high.
The cost of using the system depends on the number of learners registered in the system

Scalable by other developers
Through the previous discussions, a comparison was made between e-learning management systems (Blackboard and Moodle) depending on the teaching methods available for each system that can be used in the educational process.The comparison was explained through Table 4 and 5.

Conclusion
The study reviewed distance education techniques in light of the Corona pandemic (Covid 19), and showed that there are 28 teaching methods that can be used in the four scientific disciplines: arts and humanities, medical sciences, science and engineering, and social sciences, and the study showed that there are three levels of e-learning: education Full e-learning, integrated e-learning and supportive e-learning and showed the similarities and differences between the three levels of e-learning, and explained that there is a great similarity between full e-learning and integrated e-learning, but they differ from supportive e-learning, as the study showed that complete e-learning is more used and comprehensive in Teaching procedures.
The study also indicated that the teaching methods used in the social sciences, science and engineering amounted to 22 teaching styles out of a total of 28 teaching styles, with a rate of 78.5%, while in medical education 19, 19 teaching methods were used, representing 67.8% of the total of 28 teaching styles, while the methods The teaching methods used in the arts and human sciences amounted to 14 teaching styles, accounting for 50% of the total teaching methods.The teaching methods varied between brainstorming, simulations, case studies, seminars, cooperative education, and others, with the aim of developing students' scientific, creative and innovative skills.The implementation mechanism through the Blackboard was distributed among forums, interactive virtual classes, discussion boards, groups, recorded classes, blogs and wikis, but it was found that the interactive virtual

Figure 1
Figure 1 Number of significant TMs in each discipline

Table 3
A matrix illustrating the teaching strategy and the preferred fields for use in it

Table 4
Mechanisms for implementing teaching methods in the four major disciplines on learning management systems (Blackboard and Moodle)

Table 5
The difference between Blackboard and Moodle