Experimental Study on Manufacturing Artificial Aggregate from Various Industrial Waste and Its Applications in Concrete – A Critical Review

The aim of this paper is to examine the production of artificial aggregate and its potential applications in concrete. The waste materials from industrial are one of the concern issues in sustainable development. Recycle and reuse these waste materials is one of the strategies to produce the better sustainable system. One of the methods is by using the waste materials to produce artificial aggregate by palatalization. There are wide applications of artificial aggregate, for instance construction, agriculture, geotechnical fill, waste water, drainage and many more. Physical properties such as bulk density, specific gravity, unit weight, porosity and water absorption are important criteria. The performance of the artificial aggregate varies, depending on the application.


INTRODUCTION
Lightweight concrete has been used as building material for many decades throughout the world, especially in the countries like United States, Japan and Europe. The application ranges from lightweight partitions, walls and secondary structural components to the primary structural components. These concrete are either foamed type concrete or no fines, lightweight aggregates concrete.
Pelletization is a well-known technique in the metallurgical industry but has not been widely used in the construction industry. Lightweight aggregate can be produced by nodulizing the fly ash in a pelletizer with a proportionate quantity of water, and further hardened by adopting sintering, cold bonding or autoclaving.
When a fine-grained material is moisturized, a thin liquid film develops on the surface of each grain. When the moisturized particles contact each other bridges are formed at points of contact and bonding forces develop gradually when these particles are rotated into balls. Pellets attain strength by mechanical forces, which are produced when the balls bump against each other and against the walls of the pelletizer. Artificial aggregates can be manufactured by means of two types of processes: cement-based granulation and high temperature sintering.

OBJECTIVES
• The main objectives of this work are to encourage researchers to reduce and reuse of industrial wastes in concrete construction.
• Reduction and utilization of industrial waste into masonry and concrete construction.

LITERATURE REVIEW
1. G.Decasa, et.al., experimented a study on Production of artificial aggrergate from ceramic processing of municipal incinerator fly ash. From the experimental study it was concluded that Municipal solid waste incinerator fly ash was processed to form new ceramic materials using conventional processing technology. The findings are: • Density of product is 2.65 -2.80 g/cm 3 In that project, the recycling techniques, which allow the re-use of neutralized asbestos waste, instead of disposing in special landfills. Obtaining aggregate from asbestos waste by the fusion process in the electric arcresistance process. The mixtures of asbestoscontaining material with selected fluxes were melted and the cast into grain of aggregate. 11. Francesco colangelo et.al. completed an experiment on Artificial aggregate production from power plant solid waste by means of a granulation process. The preparation of artificial aggregate by means of a granulator equipped with a rotating and tilting plate. The waste employed as weathered coal fly ash, waste water treatment sludge and desulphurization device sludge. Hydraulic lime added for commercial binder.
• Density = 1370 -1490 kg/m3 12. KwekS Y.& H Awang experimented on Artificial light weight aggregate from palm oil fuel ash and water treatment waste. The artificial aggregate containing palm oil fuel ash, silt from water treatment sludge. Alkaline activator and lime water were added 5 -25% to binder.
• Specific gravity = 1.42 -1.51 • Compressive strength = 8.11 mpa • Water absorption = 1.66 % 13. Vit cerny and Rostislaw Drochytka completed an experiment on artificial aggregate from sintered coal ash. In his research work Micro silica, Fe2O3 and fly ash body, the three samples of high temperature lignite combustion fly ash were selected for the preparation of artificial aggregate. The addition of Fe2O3 did not take place in melting process. It helps to weaken the fly ash body's structure.
14. Mehmet gesoylu et. al. completed a work on Recycling ground granulated blast furnace slag as cold bonded artificial aggregate partially used in self-compacting concrete. Ground granulated blast furnace slag; a by-product from iron industry was recycled as artificial aggregate through cold bonding palletisation process. Artificial slag aggregate replaced partially the natural coarse aggregate in the production of self-compacting concrete. 15. Erhan guneyis et.al. Completed a research work on Influencing of the artificial light weight aggregate on fresh properties and compressive strength of the self-compacting mortars. In his work, the artificial aggregate used in this study were manufactured through cold bonding pelletization of fly ash and Portland cement. The self-compacting mortars were designed to flow binder content of 540 kg/m3, 520 kg/m3, 500 kg/m3 & 480 kg/m3 at found water to binder ratio of 0.33, 0.37, 0.4, 0.44. At each water-to-binder ratio, the artificial light weight aggregate at replacement level of 0%, 20%, 40%, and 60%.

CONCLUSIONS
From these journals we have learnt about various materials used for the manufacturing of paver blocks. Then the properties and strength of these materials used in the journals were studied. The waste materials like waste marbles, fly ash, coal waste, polyethylene, electroplating waste, mineral waste, etc….are studied for the strength properties. Various properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, abrasion resistance of paver blocks made with different materials are studied from these journals.
After the completion of all the tests, it was observed that the mechanical properties of paver blocks, cubes and cylinders were increased with the addition of construction and demolition (C&D) waste. The micro structural properties like water absorption for paver blocks were also identified.