Code-mixing in Chhattisgarhi Conversation of Undergraduate Students

: This paper investigates code-mixing in Chhattisgarhi based on conversation collected from the undergraduate students in the district of Gourella-Pendra-Marvahi (GPM). In India, lexical items from other languages are often mixed in most of the Indian languages since it is a multilingual country. In fact, this happens in Chhattisgarhi conversation by mixing English words in various situations. English language is used in India as second and foreign language in different places. So, the possibilities of mixing English words in Chhattisgarhi are commonly found in the spoken data. Code-mixing is a phenomenon in the society in which speakers mix words for various reasons. This paper focuses on the nature of code-mixing, the significance of code-mixing, how Chhattisgarhi undergraduate students mix English words, phrases, idioms, baster forms and clauses and the reasons for code-mixing in their Chhattisgarhi conversation. In this study, data was collected from twenty Chhattisgarhi undergraduate students at Pandit Madhav Rao Sapre College in Pendra Road of GPM district. Descriptive qualitative method was used and the informal conversations were collected from undergraduate students in different situations. The data was collected from the students through the audio-recorder in the natural settings. The recorded audio has been transcribed in IPA script, analyzed and discussed in detail in this paper. The participant of one of the researchers also helped to draw on first-hand observation through her membership in the community. The findings reveal that undergraduate students mix considerably English words, phrases, baster forms and clauses in Chhattisgarhi conversation. It is also identified that certain Chhattisgarhi case markers were attached to the English words and the insertion of sounds were found within the words i


Introduction
The scope of mixing and switching the languages is highly found in the country like India where many languages exist.In fact, speakers can mix words from several languages for various purposes.Code-mixing is observed in Chhattisgarhi conversation used by undergraduate students of Chhattisgarh.In this paper, code-mixing is explored and analyzed based on the collected data from the undergraduate students of Gourella-Pendra-Marvahi (GPM).Chhattisgarhi language is used in the central India of Chhattisgarhi state and it is one of the varieties of Hindi.This language is closely related to the other languages of the Koshali group, like Bagheli and Avadhi.In this language, five main dialects are Kedri, Utti, Khaltahi, Bhandar, and Rakshahun based on the geographical area.It has SOV word order.Kachru & Nusjam (1978) defined Code-Mixing as the term refers to the use of one or more languages for consistent transfer of linguistic unit from one language into another and by such a language mixture developing a new restricted or not so limited code of linguistics interaction.According to Ayoemoni (2006) Hakimov (2021) discussed Russian-German code-mixing.The data was collected through informal daily interactions audio-recorded by research participants in their social networks in different situations and places.For most of the conversation, there were two participants and for some of them were multi party conversation.The language of the conversation, although being basically Russian, is permeated by German single words and multiword sequences.Hakimov (2021) proposed and tested the usage-based explanations of variation in mixing patterns in three morphosyntactic contexts: the adjective-modified noun phrase, the prepositional phrase, and the plural marking of German noun insertions in bilingual sentences.Sudarsi (2017) discussed code-mixing in daily conversation among students of English department at UKI Toraja.The students spoke Torajan language as their mother tongue and they also spoke Indonesia and English language.The Students tend to combine it with two or more another languages.Sudarsi further classified every utterance in relation to code-mixing based on insertion of word, phrase, idiom, baster forms and clauses.In this study, researcher found that insertion of idiom was not available in all utterances and word was extensively inserted in students' conversation.Muniati et al. (2022) explained, code mixing of students in the department of English Education in their daily communication, three types of mixing namely insertional, alternation and lexical congruent code mixing and the reasons for code mixing Indonesian and English.In fact, both Indonesian and English are spoken as main languages by students to communicate among themselves.They further explained the main reasons for mixing the languages to provide the information about a specific topic, interjections, repetition for clarity and lexical reasons.Sunari and Simatupang (2021) analyzed code-mixing in Indonesian conversation among students at SMA 99 Jakarta.To collect the data from online, they used Zoom software.The informal conversation from the students were recorded and stored as data for analysis.The collected data in the form of code-mixing of words, phrases and clauses were discussed.The results revealed that students at SMA 99 Jakarta used, in informal speech, English mixing in their conversation.They further discussed their ability in mixing English expressions in Indonesian conversation.English is considered as a foreign language and regarded as a high-valued language.Hanafiah et al., (2018) explained the levels of English-Arabic code-mixing in Islamic boarding school students' daily conversation.The data was collected, by recording the conversation from twenty situations in which ninety eight utterances used by the students in their daily conversation, in the form of word, phrase and clause of intraand extra-sentential code-mixing.They further discussed the dominant level of English-Arabic code-mixing at word level.

Theoretical framework
Reema AL Hayek (2016) discussed Arabic-English code-mixing by Jordanian University students based on the qualitative data.As part of the research, she collected the qualitative data from the students through 17 focused group interviews and recorded them from different universities.The number of students and the name of universities were three at Al alBayt University, nine at Yarmouk University and five at University of Jordan.For this study, fifteen interviews with Bachelor students and two with PhD students were conducted.The duration of each interview, the initial and post-questionnaire interviews, planned between five to ten minutes.Reema AL Hayek (2016) explained that young students used English more frequently than their older counterparts, acknowledging the fact that the field of study of the older interviewees, in their third and fourth year at university and PhD students was Arabic language.She further explained that all students mixed the languages for academic and linguistic purposes.Reema AL Hayek (2016) proved that study of science subject has a stronger effect on the decision to code-mix than the study of the humanities, education and Islamic studies.

Results and Discussion
In this study, the qualitative data was collected from different situations and places which were analyzed and interpreted in order to understand the nature of code-mixing in Chhattisgarhi undergraduate students' conversation.It is observed that English words are mixed in Chhattisgarhi conversation at different levels like word, phrase and clause.Here, the collected conversation were transcribed and analyzed how English words were inserted in Chhattisgarhi conversation by undergraduate students.Most of the conversation took place in informal contexts.In this section, we try to explain the nature of code-mixing in Chhattisgarhi conversation, the insertion of English words and the different levels of code-mixing.

Insertion of word
In Chhattisgarhi conversation, insertion of the word is extensively found from English language.Here, the data is presented which was collected from the undergraduate students' speech in informal context.

Rima my ATM card work-PRS PROG not do is
Rima, my ATM card is not working.

right button press
You might have pressed the wrong button you press the right button again.
I think ABL ATM GEN machine some problem are I think there may be some issue in the ATM machine.
now you money GEN where ABL withdraw do-FUT-Q Now, where will you withdraw the money?Raj: Bank sɛ, cheque kɛ through.

Bank from cheque GEN through
From bank, through the Cheque.
This conversation took place between two undergraduate friends who went to ATM to withdraw money.
They were Raj and Rima.In this conversation, English words ATM card, button, ATM, machine, money, withdraw, bank, cheque and through were inserted in Chhattisgarhi.The inserted words ATM card, button, ATM, machine, Riya: mɛha watch kharid-hu stylish-si.
I watch buy-FUT stylish-ABL I will buy stylish watch.
These utterances occurred between two undergraduate friends who went to a gift shop to buy a stylish watch as a gift for one of the friends' elder sister.In these utterances, English words sister, gift, watch and stylish were inserted in Chhattisgarhi.The inserted words sister, gift and watch come under the noun category and the English word stylish come under the adjective category.The suffix -si is an ablative case marker in Chhattisgarhi which is attached to the English word stylish as shown in the above utterance.
Intra-lexical code-mixing is found in Chhattisgarhi spoken data as mentioned below.Girsang (2015) defined this kind of code mixing occurs within a word boundary.Luke (2015) discussed that intra-lexical category occurs within a word boundary, involving a change of pronunciation.It occurs in phonological level and the changes can be found in phonological structure.Anju: aʊr bulero kəbɛ ʤa:t hən? and bulero when go-PRS is Q when does bolero go?
Mina: bulero toa subʱa ɭɛ ratɤi tək ʧa:ɭət hən? bulero INS morning ABL night till go-PRS is The bolero runs from morning to night?Anju and Mina had a conversation at bus stop on travels between Pendra road to Bilaspur.Anju was trying to find out the available buses and bolero in this route.Mina replied to Anju.In this discourse, busen for buses and bulero for bolero were pronounced.-en is one of the plural markers of Chhattisgarhi nouns which were attached as suffix to the bus as shown in the utterance.The English word bolero was pronounced as bulero (u vowel was inserted).In this way, intra-lexical code-mixing occurs in Chhattisgarhi.

Insertion of phrase
Rizal et al (2022 p, 1.) defined "a phrase is a group of words that serves as a unit of a sentence".Indriyani (2018 p, 20.) described "phrase is a grammatical analysis to refer to a single element of structure typically containing more than one words, and lacking the subject and predicate structure typical clauses".This type of code-mixing uttered by the students is intra-sentential in the phrase forms.In this study, the insertion of phrase occurs within the intra-sentential code-mixing.This type of insertion is extensively found in Chhattisgarhi speech by undergraduate students.Here, the insertion of phrase is presented in the collected data from Chhattisgarhi conversation in informal context.Sihite (2016 p, 17.) explained "an idiom can be definite as a group of words strung together to assume a specific meaning different from the meaning of each individual word.It means that the meaning of the idiom will be different from the component of the words.Idiom creates a different meaning from real meaning if the words are translated word by word".Indriyani (2018 p, 20.) defined "idiom is group of words with a meaning that is different from the meaning of the individual word".
we GEN CG PSC exam pass for hard work do-FUT If we study well for CG PSC exam we will pass in the exam.

Do-PRS should
Yes!You are saying right, we should prepare well for the exam.
then we this exam pass do-FUT because nothing happens overnight Then, we will get pass this exam because nothing happens overnight.
Sidharth: By the way, kəɻi: mɛhənt səpɦɭʈa: kɛ ʧa:bʱi hən.by the way hard work success GEN key is By the way, hard work is the key to success.
This discussion occurred in the college ground where two students met to converse about the competitive exams.It is noticed that they inserted several English idioms like nothing happens ha overnight and by the way in Chhattisgarhi.

Insertion of baster forms
In some of the Chhattisgarhi utterances, baster forms were identified in code-mixing.Zulfira (2022) described that baster is the result of a combination of two different language elements that form one meaning.The English words college, tire, and class come under the noun category in the above utterances.The Chhattisgarhi suffix 'ken' was attached with the English word bike.This combination becomes biken and it is an instance of baster form.Sudarsi (2017) mentioned the shape baster in Indonesian utterances where the English word instrument was attached with the suffix -ku.Neha: həo mɛha ʤəbɛ slowlyin slowlyin ɭɪkh-ɵo.
then my handwriting beautiful look is Yes, when I write slowly-slowly then my hand writing looks beautiful.
This conversation took place between two undergraduate friends who talked about handwriting in the classroom.Numa and Neha both used the suffix-in after the adverbs.In Chhattisgarhi utterance, Numa inserted English word clearly with the Chhattisgarhi suffix-in to form clearlyin.In the same way, Neha inserted English word slowly with the Chhattisgarhi suffix-in to form slowlyin.It is also noticed that the word repetition happened in the utterance to emphasise the manner of the action.This type of shape baster can be also possible while mixing the English words in Chhattisgarhi conversation.

Insertion of clause
In fact, insertion of clause is found in several Chhattisgarhi utterances.Embedding in discourse of codemixing is one of the properties of code-mixing.In this embedding discourse, a mixed clause starts in language A and ends in language B (see, Muysken, 2000).11.Situation: At medical store Anil: u:h ləɪka who sits in the medical store mɔr səɳɡi hən.that boy who sits in the medical store my friend is That boy who sits in the medical store is my friend.
he INS our bilaspur university-ABL pharmacy complete-do-PST is He completed pharmacy from Bilaspur University.
yes, this medical-GEN shop him is It is his medical shop.
This conversation happened near the medical shop between two friends.The friends were Anil and Ritu.In their conversation, a relative clause and several nouns were inserted from English like who sits in the medical store and university, pharmacy, medical and shop in Chhattisgarhi speech respectively.The above utterances also represent how the Chhattisgarhi speakers mix certain Chhattisgarhi case markers with the English words.
Speakers have several reasons to mix languages based on the context.In this study, we provide some of the main reasons for mixing English words, phrases, idioms, baster forms and clauses by Chhattisgarhi undergraduate students in their daily conversation in Chhattisgarhi.Chhattisgarhi undergraduate students prefer to mix English words while discussing a particular topic in which several terms associated with English.Students tend to mix English, to speak comfortably and to show their ability in mixing languages in their conversation.It is also identified that certain expressions or words which are related to emotion, surprise and attention are used for their flexibility.These words are unintentionally used in their speech.The possibility of mixing English words in conversation is highly found among bilingual or multilingual speakers.Students often mix English words when they don't have or find the equivalent word in their mother tongue.In fact, Chhattisgarhi students feel proud to use English words or English language in their conversation.This shows their psychological attitudes towards English.They also mix languages to emphasize certain things.In this way, Chhattisgarhi undergraduate students mix English words, phrases, idioms, baster forms and clauses in Chhattisgarhi conversation.

Conclusion
In Chhattisgarhi conversation, code-mixing happens among the undergraduate students of Gourella-Marvahi-Pendra (GPM) district in informal context.In fact, English words are commonly inserted in Chhattisgarhi.As part of our study, we discussed different levels of code-mixing like insertion of word, phrase, idiom, baster forms and clause in Chhattisgarhi conversation.Chhattisgarhi speakers specifically students have been more habituated in mixing English words in their everyday conversation.This study examined several utterances in relation to code-mixing.Interestingly enough, several suffixes were attached to the English words and some English words were pronounced by inserting a vowel in the conversation.This study reveals that English nouns are highly inserted in Chhattisgarhi conversation and the reasons for code-mixing in Chhattisgarhi conversation.
code-mixing is the embedding of various linguistic units such as affixes (bound morphemes), words (unbound morphemes), phrases, and clauses from a cooperative activity, where the interlocutors must reconcile what they hear with what they understand to infer what is intended must reconcile what they hear with what they understand.Bhatia and Ritchie 3. Situation: Inquiry about train timingsAnjali: tɛha ʤa:n-tʱəs aɡɭi: tarain Raipur ʤa:yɛ-n bər kəbɛ hən? you know-PRS next train Raipur go-PRS for when is-Q Do you know when the next train goes to Raipur?Poonam: morning a:ɵ bəʤɛ.morning eight o'clock Morning 8 o'clock.Anjali: tarain kɛ name kya hən? train GEN name what is Q What is the name of the train?Poonam: ʊ:h tarain kɛ name sampark kranti hən.that train GEN name sampar kranti is That train name is sampark kranti.This conversation occurred between Anjali and Poonam at railway station.Anjali was trying to know the next train timings from her friend.Several English words train (tarain) and morning were inserted in their discourse.The inserted English word was tarain instead of train.In this word, a vowel sound was inserted between the consonants.There are other lexical items in which the vowel insertion occurs like brain as /barɶn/, friend as /fərend/, flower as /falower/ and blind as /bəlind/.Lang.Linguist.,5(1)(2024), 27-36 | 314.Situation: Inquiry about bus and bolero timings Anju: bus-en kəbɛ a:-hi Bilaspur ʤa:yɛ ko? bus-PL when come-FUT Bilaspur go GEN-Q When will the buses come to go Bilaspur?Mina: subh dəs bəʤɛ.morning 10 o'clock Morning 10 o'clock.
8. Situation: at the college Ajay: aj tɛha college der ɭɛ kabər a:y-ɛn?today you college late ABL why come-PST-Q Why did you come late to the college today?Ramesh: mɔ:r bike-n tyre pʱət-gəy-ɛn rəhɛn.mybike-SUF tyre puncture-PST-PASS was My bike tire was punctured.Ajay: ɵɪk, aʌb hum class ʧəɭ-thəs.okaynow we class go-PRSOkay, now we go to the class.
10. Situation: At play ground Rupvati: tɛha ʤən-thəs Rani kɛ ɡhər kɶnɵɛ hən?You know-PRS Rani GEN home where is Do you know where is Rani's house?Nelam: I don't know okhre ɡhər kɶnɵɛ hən.I don't know her house where is I don't know where her house is.From the above utterances, a clause is used from English language and another clause is from Chhattisgarhi.It is noticed that the utterance starts with the English clause I don't know and ended with Chhattisgarhi clause.This Vol 5 Iss 1 Year 2024 Shabiya Noor Mansuri & Kothakonda Suman /2024 DOI: 10.54392/ijll2413 Indian J. Lang.Linguist., 5(1) (2024), 27-36 | 35type of code-mixing is possible in many Chhattisgarhi utterances where the speakers mix two languages frequently (see,Shabiya & Suman, 2023).

Iss 1 Year 2024 Shabiya Noor Mansuri & Kothakonda Suman /2024 DOI: 10.54392/ijll2413
: Buying book at stationary shop This conversation shows how they mix phrases in their speech.The English phrases were excuse me!, tell me, English grammar, book, buy and stationary shop were inserted in Chhattisgarhi.The inserted phrases English grammar, stationary shop and book come under the noun phrase category whereas excuse me and tell me come under verb phrase category.It is observed from the above examples that the phrases are preferably used in front or central position of the utterances.
Suresh: mɛha English grammar kɛ kitab khərid kər-ɛn ʧahət hu.IEnglish grammar GEN book buy do-PRS want is I want to buy English grammar book.Ravi: tɛha mɔ:ɭa səɳɡɛ stationary shop ʤa:-bo?Vol 5Ali: mɛha ek new laptop kʱərɪd-ɛn hu.I one new laptop buy-PST am I purchased a new laptop.Veer: koʊnsi: company kɛ?Veer: tɔr laptop storage kətko hən? your laptop storage how much is How much storage does your laptop have?Ali: my laptop kɛ RAM eight GB hən.my laptop GEN RAM eight GB is My laptop RAM is eight GB.Veer: tuman kɛ laptop color bhi aʧhən hən.Company.In the conversation, English words and phrases new laptop, company, HP Company, laptop storage, my laptop and RAM sixteen GB were inserted in Chhattisgarhi which come under noun phrases and laptop color come under adjective phrase.In this way, undergraduate students mix phrases from English language to Chhattisgarhi conversation.Vol 5